Clustering of the concept “society” in English and Uzbek languages: comparative-cognitive analysis

Abstract

This article analyzes the clustering of the concept “society” in English and Uzbek from a comparative-cognitive perspective. The study identifies lexico-semantic, etymological, metaphorical, and sociolinguistic clusters of the concept. The theoretical framework is based on cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor theory, and sociolinguistic approaches. In both languages, “society” manifests as a complex, multi-layered structure expressed through specific linguistic means across various clusters. In English, the concept is clustered primarily through individualistic and contractual relations, while in Uzbek – from the perspective of collectivity and hierarchical dependence. The research reveals significant cultural differences in conceptualizing social structures: English emphasizes voluntary associations and negotiated relationships, whereas Uzbek reflects traditional community bonds and interdependent social hierarchies. The English “society” concept is closely connected with ideas of personal freedom, civil society, and contractual relations, where individuality and freedom of personal choice are prioritized. The Uzbek “jamiyat” is inseparably linked to family values, the mahalla institution, customs, and traditions. Furthermore, the Uzbek concept of “jamiyat” embodies meanings such as mutual assistance, solidarity, and social responsibility. The study has identified the national-cultural features of the “society” concept in both languages and their connection with historical and social factors. These findings contribute to understanding culturally specific worldviews and have practical implications for linguoculturology, translation studies, and language education.