Introduction

Transport terminology functions as a linguistic reflection which reveals both cultural changes and developments in technology and historical times of a society. Transport-specific vocabulary changes because of contemporary advancements in transportation systems and because of worldwide trade and communication expansion. The study of terminology provides significant knowledge about how languages adjust to alterations as well as how they show the economic environment and technological abilities of their users, especially within the transport sector. The paper examines transport terminology development within Uzbek and English languages, which both experience significant global and technological impact despite their different cultural and linguistic histories.

Linguistics and terminology research for decades has maintained that specialized linguistic expressions matter significantly. This language expert vocabulary enables students to comprehend the cultural and technological dynamics that are present across languages. Previous research analyzing language terminology development has universally existed and much explored in different fields, but lacks comprehensive studies that particularly investigate the transport terminology relationship between the Uzbek and English languages. For instance, during the Karakhanid period, Persian and Arabic influences appeared in Uzbek terminology, according to Dadaboyev (2017). And Crystal (2003), Baugh & Cable (2002) wrote about English terminology evolution during the Industrial Revolution. Studies that compare language adaptations regarding globalization and technological changes in transport terminology between these languages remain limited. So, research gaps point to the necessity of conducting a thorough research study about the development of modern Uzbek and English transport terminology.

The research adds value because it deepens comprehension about both language adaptations during changes and global-world complexity manifestations. This article examines transport terminology by investigating its historical beginnings and current influences and trends to compare between Uzbek and English linguistic development. The current investigation holds high importance during an era characterized by globalization and technological improvements, which affect cross-cultural and cross-linguistic interaction patterns. This study investigates the shortage of research about the historical evolution of transport terminology between Uzbek and English. The research investigates transport terminology variations between Uzbek and English while analyzing the major historical factors behind this evolution.

By addressing these questions, the article studies the methods through which transport language adjustments occurred in response to globalization and technology changes in both Uzbek and English vocabularies. The research analyzes how the collected findings can guide upcoming investigations while providing actionable knowledge to practitioners working in linguistics and translation as well as language education domains. It also uses historical-comparative analysis to study transport terminology in Uzbek and English while reporting complete historical data about language adaptation to societal changes and technological advancements of their respective users. The study reveals practical uses for language educators who work with translators and policymakers to demonstrate why they need to understand terminology changes which emerge from globalization.

Literature review

Specialized vocabulary development in Uzbek and English transport domains results from cultural changes and technological advancements as well as historical progress. Research on terminology development has concentrated on different languages; however, minimal investigations exists about analyzing transport terminologies from the Uzbek and English languages. Previous studies about transport terminology from both the Uzbek and English languages receive analysis in this work alongside essential theories regarding terminology development together with the discussion of existing research gaps that this paper intends to address.

The investigation of Uzbek transport terminology exists mainly through historical studies and research on the influence of foreign languages. According to Dadaboyev (2017), Uzbek terminology progressed from the ancient Turkic period, which established native Turkic roots as instrumental in forming early transport vocabulary (p. 34). The Karakhanid period (11th–14th centuries) brought Persian and Arabic terms into the language through Silk Road trade (Khodjaev, 1996, p. 96). These terminology elements performed functional needs in addition to representing cultural value due to the role animals held in daily activities and economic sustenance of Turkic peoples. During the Soviet era (20th century) Russian and international vocabulary consisting of terms such as avtomobil and samolyot became part of the Uzbek language to demonstrate technological progress and industrial growth (Usmonov & Hamidov, 1981, p. 102). The terms demonstrate how trade and transportation grew in significance during twentieth-century global society as well as showing Russian served as the dominant language throughout Soviet territories.

These investigations allow researchers to understand Uzbek transportation vocabulary origins, yet they mostly fail to include comparative elements. Very limited research exists which investigates the comparison between Uzbek transport terminology and other languages, including non-European languages, particularly English. The existing studies mainly track historical growth but neglect to demonstrate practical uses of terminology advancement for language education practitioners, translation professionals, and governmental authorities. Research about contemporary Uzbek transport terminology remains scarce, especially regarding its applications within digital technology frameworks and sustainability frameworks.

Studies pertaining to English transport terminology have examined how it progressed through technological development as well as globalization. Both Crystal (2003, p. 156) and Baugh & Cable (2002, p. 189) give thorough explanations about English terminology growth throughout the Industrial Revolution when railways and locomotives entered usage. The standardization of logistical and containerization terminology occurred in the twentieth century because English ruled international trade and US English influenced global practices (Johnson, 2010, p. 67). The analyzed English transport terminology gets extensive treatment in these studies, yet they omit examining how this terminology developed relatively to other languages, especially non-European Uzbek.

Several important theoretical concepts describe the formation of transportation vocabulary. Wüster (1979, p. 45) presented ‘terminology theory’ which explains the systematic organization of professional vocabularies because they act as communication tools for specific disciplines. Transport terminology functions as an essential tool to explain and arrange knowledge about transportation systems, thus making terminology theory applicable to this domain. According to Haugen (1950, p. 210), ‘borrowing theory’ demonstrates that languages borrow words from other languages to supplement their vocabulary or showcase cultural and technological developments. The conceptual framework explains the adoption of Persian and Arabic terminologies by Uzbeks and Russians and its effects on the Uzbek transport lexicon, together with the foreign roots of French and Latin elements in modern English transport terminology. The ‘theory of globalization’ helps explain the modern interchange of transportation terminology that occurred throughout the twenty-first century.

Global language interaction in the modern world leads to shared terminology adoption, where the Uzbek language uses logistika and English employs logistics or e-logistics, as both terms represent universal technological progress (Saidqodirova, 2018, p. 89). The dynamic behavior of term development shows a strong response to universal global patterns according to this theory. Research on the topic has provided numerous beneficial results, yet current literature still contains several key gaps. A shortage exists for research that analyzes the historical evolution of transport terminology between the Uzbek and English languages. Research about language adaptation to globalization and technological change exists for individual languages separately but lacks thorough examination of their relative developments. The current body of research concentrates on historical developments while neglecting the practical effects of terminology growth on educators of language, translators, and officials in government. Studies examining current transport terminology trends remain scarce, especially with reference to digital technologies and sustainability methodologies.

A comparative examination of transport terminology evolution serves as the purpose of this analysis between Uzbek and English while showcasing their response to globalization together with technological development. The study examines transport terminology from source to impact and contemporary trends to enhance comprehension about language adaptation, thus presenting insights into societal economic realities alongside technological developments worldwide.

Historical Development of Transport Terminology in Uzbek

A comparative examination of transport terminology evolution serves as the purpose of this analysis between Uzbek and English while showcasing their response to globalization together with technological development. The study examines transport terminology from source to impact and contemporary trends to enhance comprehension about language adaptation, thus presenting insights into societal economic realities alongside technological developments worldwide.

Ancient Turkic Period (7th–10th centuries)

During the ancient Turkic period (7th–10th centuries), the Turkic peoples depended substantially on animals for transportation and trade, through which their transport terminology evolved. The native Turkic language provided the majority of transport terminology used during this era since Turkic tribes maintained their nomadic lifestyle (Karimov, 2015, p. 34). Karimov (2015) demonstrates how early Uzbek transport vocabulary emerged from ancient Turkic roots during the time of the ancient Turkic period. The nomadic lifestyle of the Turkic tribes determined why pre-industrial society needed animal-related terms for transportation description. The animals used for transport by Turkic peoples acted as both practically and culturally important because the Turkic nomadic lifestyle deeply depended on the economic role of animals. Through his historical investigation, Karimov presents an extensive analysis of Uzbek vocabulary that demonstrates its origin from Turkic roots to the current state of the Uzbek language. The essential pre-industrial transportation terms at ("horse") and qatir ("mule") appear in this era, according to Dadaboyev (2017, p.45). These practical terms originated from cultural attitudes that valued animals in Turkic society. During the ancient Turkic period, new vocabulary terms that described transportation became common usage for describing commercial movement throughout expansive territories. These terms included yük ("load") and yol ("road"). The Turkic world needed a strong vocabulary for transport systems because trade and communication proved vital to its existence. The early terms, which originated from nomadic life requirements, show both practicality and functionality because this society needed to survive, so they focused on mobile needs (Khodjaev, 1996, p. 58).

Karakhanid Period (11th–14th centuries)

During the Karakhanid era spanning from the 11th through the 14th centuries a transformation occurred in Uzbek transport vocabulary. During this era Persian and Arabic origins were responsible for introducing new lexicon about trade routes and caravanserais. Through its transit point through Central Asia the Silk Road enabled Turkic peoples to exchange languages and cultures with surrounding populations leading to Uzbek becoming more enriched with Persian and Arabic vocabulary (Abdullaev, 2018, p. 45). The terms rabat ("caravanserai") and karvan ("caravan") entered Uzbek from Persian and Arabic to handle Silk Road trading requirements (Khodjaev, 1996, p.60). The borrowing of these words contributed additional depth to the Uzbek language while emphasizing that trading activities held dominant positions in the region. Through his research Abdullaev shows how trade routes shaped Uzbek vocabulary development by demonstrating how this language took terms from external cultural and linguistic influences. Rakhmonov (2020) investigates Uzbek transport terminology changes which occurred through historical Silk Road contacts and Soviet industrialization experiences.

History and cultural events throughout Uzbekistan have preserved the legacy of words such as avtomobil ("automobile") and rabat ("caravanserai") in the Uzbek language (p. 56). The study by Rakhmonov demonstrates how cultural contacts influence terminology growth while presenting critical information about Uzbek transportation vocabulary origins. Toshmatova (2021) conducts research on the lasting effects of Persian and Arabic language influence upon Uzbek transport terminology which emerged during the Karakhanid period. She demonstrates in her work that Silk Road trade operations received descriptive words through repeated Persian and Arabic loanwords (p. 56). The study by Toshmatova demonstrates how foreign languages influenced Uzbek terminology through extensive research which contributes to clear understanding of cultural and linguistic exchanges within its development. These foreign terms entered the lexicon because Karakhanid transportation systems became more complex together with a surge in regional trade significance. Terms sart and bazar became vital through their special emphasis on Silk Road trade exchanges which brought economic and cultural opportunities. During this time Uzbek transport terms adopted Persian and Arabic words which demonstrates how foreign languages transform language dictionaries while societies embrace trade options tied to globalization (Dadaboyev, 2017, p. 50).

Old Uzbek Literary Period (15th–20th centuries)

Transport terminology received greater enrichment during the Old Uzbek literary period 15th–20th centuries through writings of Alisher Navoiy alongside other scholars and authors. During this time the military logistics field introduced cannon ("top") and rifle ("tufang") terminology that later became part of general transportation terms. The growth of military logistics at this time occurred because of expanding empires and required effective transportation systems for troops and supplies (Usmonov & Hamidov, 1981, p.110). During the Old Uzbek literary period the emerging transportation vocabulary included ko‘cha ("street") and ko‘prik ("bridge") because Central Asia was undergoing rapid urbanization. Rasulov (2023) carries out a comparative study of Uzbek and Turkish transport vocabulary to show their mutual Turkic background and developnents as a result of modernization within both languages. Road and bridge description terminology serves as evidence of Uzbek and Turkish linguistic connection because they stem from a shared historical heritage (p. 34). Rasulov demonstrates through his studies that comparative research enables scholars to recognize how terminologies evolve individually while revealing the linguistic relationships that exist between Turkic languages. During this period several factors demonstrate how transportation systems became more elaborate and require specialized descriptions for urban framework and infrastructure. Alisher Navoiy and other scholars along with their scientific work contributed to standardizing Uzbek transport terminology which persists through societal changes (Dadaboyev, 2017, p.55).

Soviet Era (20th century)

During the Soviet era (20th century) the transport terminology of Uzbekistan received numerous terms mostly from Russian and international origins. Automotive and railway and aviation technological progress found representation in these terms. The era established modern phrases directly connected to transportation advancements alongside developments of industrialization (Tursunov, 2016, p. 78). Throughout the Soviet period (20th century) the Union adopted a wide range of terms such as avtomobil ("automobile"), poezd ("train") and samolyot ("airplane") from direct Russian influences (Usmonov & Hamidov, 1981, p.115). The modern transportation systems of the region gained representation in the Uzbek language through these adopted terms.

Tursunov (2016) studies the Soviet industrialization effect on Uzbek transport vocabulary through the examination of both Russian technical terms as well as international vocabulary. These terms demonstrate Uzbekistan’s transport system modernization which Soviet rule implemented during its period of control (p. 78). Through his research Tursunov reveals how political processes and technological changes both affect the creation of terminology while presenting important historical details about Uzbek transport vocabulary. Khamidova (2020) executes a study that evaluates the Russian impact on the Uzbek language by analyzing terms used in transport during the Soviet time. Avtomobil and samolyot together with other terms were directly borrowed from Russian language to demonstrate Soviet-era infrastructure modernization efforts in Uzbekistan (p. 112).

Khamidova examines through her research how political conditions along with cultural factors shaped lexical choices that connect Uzbek and Russian transport terminology. Yusupova (2019) studies how the Soviet Uzbekistan language policy shaped terminology through its administration. Transportation vocabulary underwent standardization because the Soviet Union focused on industrial development and infrastructure building during that time (p. 112). Through her research, Yusupova reveals how linguistic policies control word choice and adds historical and political background information about transport terminology in Uzbek.

Uzbek has adopted international terms logistika (logistics) and konteyner (container) in the 21st century because Uzbekistan has integrated into the global economy (Saidov, 2021, p. 92). New digital terms such as e-logistika (e-logistics) and onlayn yuk tashish (online cargo delivery) have entered Uzbek vocabulary to illustrate how Uzbek terminology adjusts actively to modern technological progress (Nurmatov, 2022, p. 85). The rising prominence of global trade combined with Russian dominance as a Soviet lingua franca during the twentieth century is demonstrated through these terms. Uzbek adapts to changing technology and society with new terms, because it remains vital in a worldwide environment (Saidqodirova, 2018, p.92).

New transport vocabulary has emerged in Uzbek due to the rising sustainability focus stated by Azimov (2022). Uzbekistan implements environmental factors into its transport policies through terms that encompass yashil logistika ("green logistics") and karbon izi ("carbon footprint") (p. 56). The country works to fulfill global sustainability objectives through these newly developed transport-related terms while striving to decrease transportation emissions. The study conducted by Azimov shows that sustainability drives the evolution of contemporary transport language by ensuring Uzbekistan combines world standards with domestic environmental needs. The digital transformation has led to substantial changes in the terminology of Uzbek transport systems according to Ismailov (2021). Digitization in Uzbekistan has brought forth new transport terminology which includes e-logistika ("e-logistics") and onlayn yuk tashish ("online cargo delivery") and demonstrates the modernization of the country’s transport infrastructure according to Ismailov (2021, p. 89). The terms represent Uzbekistan’s involvement in technological progress which supports its goal of developing efficient transportation networks. Through his research Ismailov demonstrates how digital transformation influences Uzbek transport terminology by showing how language adapts to new technological developments.

Similarly, Nurmatov (2022) explores the Uzbek transport terminology experienced changes because of digital technologies which resulted in the adoption of new terms including avtonom transport ("autonomous transport") and aqlli logistika ("smart logistics"). The terms presented by the author demonstrate Uzbekistan’s transport systems merging AI and IoT (internet of things) technologies to enhance efficient automated processes (p. 78). Through his work, Nurmatov establishes that terminology evolves dynamically in response to technological changes which provides clarity about how Uzbek develops its vocabulary for the digital era. E-Logistics has generated a new set of words in Uzbek as described by Karimova (2023). The transportation industry of Uzbekistan has integrated digital platforms through the terms elektron logistika (electronic logistics) and e-biznes logistika (e-bisuness or e-commerce logistics) (p. 89). The country implements modern logistics infrastructure through those newly developed terms while following worldwide technological developments. Through her scholarly work Karimova illustrates how digital technology transforms Uzbek transport language by affecting its lexical framework.

New technical vocabulary emerged in Uzbek language when renewable energy became part of transportation systems according to Mirzaev (2023). The terms qayta tiklanadigan energiya transporti and elektromobillar demonstrate Uzbekistan’s dedication to adopting sustainable transportation options (p. 67). These words demonstrate Uzbekistan’s dedication to achieving lower carbon footprint alongside sustainability goals in environmental management. Mirzaev’s scientific assessment demonstrates the impact of renewable energy movement on Uzbek transport terminology and its association with sustainable language evolution. Saidov (2021) investigates how globalization affects Uzbek transport vocabulary through adoption of international terms logistika and konteyner. The terms match Uzbekistan’s participation in world markets and demonstrate universal features of contemporary technology revolution (p. 92). Through his work Saidov establishes that globalization drives the formation of modern transport terminology by showing how Uzbek language adapts to contemporary realities while adopting international words.

Historical Development of Transport Terminology in English

English transport vocabulary underwent linguistic changes because of cultural progress together with technological and historical developments. Since its Old English period beginning to its modernization throughout the 20th century English transport terminology has evolved through multiple influences starting with Germanic native language features along with French and Latin borrowings and ending with modern globalization effects. A study of English transport vocabulary develops through four historical epochs which span the Old and Middle English periods followed by the Early Modern English period and ending with the Industrial Revolution as well as the twentieth century.

Old and Middle English Periods (5th–15th centuries)

English transport terminology has Germanic origins traced back to the Old English period between 5th and 11th centuries. Transport terminology within this time evolved to reflect the concepts of agrarian and feudal societies that prevailed during that era. The basic transportation vehicles were described through essential terminology such as cart ("a two-wheeled vehicle pulled by animals") and wagon ("a four-wheeled vehicle for transporting goods") which characterized the transport system of this era. The terms originated from Germanic sources because English language roots descended from Anglo-Saxon culture (Baugh & Cable, 2002 p.78). French influences entered English language transport terminology during the Middle English time period (11th–15th centuries) after Norman Conquest of 1066. Carriage (from Old Northern French carriage) gained widespread usage for horse-drawn vehicles although chariot and coach were reserved to specify luxurious transport methods. Social positions of that era became visible through transportation language because wealthy people were the sole buyers of such vehicles. Phrases derived from French during this time period shaped English terminological transport vocabulary since borrowing plays a crucial role in language development especially when language meets cultural and political shifts (Crystal, 2003, p. 145).

Early Modern English Period (16th–18th centuries)

During the Early Modern English period spanning from the 16th through the 18th centuries the English language ventured into new territories in terminology related to transportation to accommodate technological progress in shipbuilding and international travels. The British Empire expansion and global trade increase prompted English speakers to adopt foreign words including canoe from Indigenous languages together with caravan from Persian roots. New terms emerged because of expanding worldwide connections in addition to the necessity to label foreign transportation systems (Baugh & Cable, 2002, p.165). At this time maritime language evolution became essential since England began solidifying its position as a significant maritime force. The language acquired new terminology that standardized words such as ship and sail and anchor although it also added compass from Latin ‘compassus’ together with navigator from Latin ‘navigator’ to describe ocean navigation equipment and practices. The targeted maritime activities of this era required specialized jargon for naval terminology thus emphasizing how transportation influenced language development (Crystal, 2003, p.167).

Industrial Revolution (18th–19th centuries)

During the Industrial Revolution of 18th–19th centuries English language terms for transport changed dramatically. The growth of technology combined with infrastructure development brought forward new terms for developing transportation methods. Steam engines and their railway and steamship innovations introduced transportation vocabulary which included locomotive and railway and steamship. Modern transportation technologies justified the use of these essential terms because they transformed human and cargo movement throughout this time (Baugh & Cable, 2002, p.210). The urban transportation sector generated new vocabulary during the Industrial Revolution through terms like omnibus ("a horse-drawn public transport vehicle") and tram ("a streetcar") representing the increasing urbanization of England. This time period brought complex changes to transportation systems resulting in the necessity for specific terminology to describe urban structures. Transport terminology established itself during the Industrial Revolution because technological progress guided language evolution (Crystal, 2003, p.189).

Era of 20th Century

Fast expansion of English transport terminology took place throughout the twentieth century because of English’s international dominance in trade and aviation and maritime industries. The container shipping development during the mid-20th century required new terminology to represent this revolutionary innovation. Due to worldwide transportation system growth the terms logistics and freight and containerization gained recognition as international standards (Johnson, 2010, p.7). American English expansion played a role in adopting truck over lorry terminology and highway instead of motorway because America became an international power during this time. During the 20th century airplane and airport introduced into the English language because they became fundamental terms across its transport domain and was further enriched by jet as air travel evolved. The language demonstrates adaptability to current technological and social evolutions through its term adoption which maintains its global significance (Crystal, 2003, p.201).

Modern digital transformations in transportation systems have produced substantial impacts on transport terminology in both Uzbek and English. In his article Smith (2021) describes how digital technology advances like AI and IoT systems have created terms including autonomous vehicles, smart logistics and predictive maintenance technology (p. 123). These terms in English language show how artificial intelligence technologies integrate within transport systems to establish more efficient automated procedures. The research by Smith illustrates how language terms evolve based on technological progress while demonstrating an approach to study digital language adaptation.

The incorporation of artificial intelligence in transportation systems has produced a new set of terminology according to Lee (2023). The growing importance of AI in transport operation optimization and efficiency enhancement manifests in English terminology when referring to AI-driven warehouse automation and AI-powered predictive maintenance (p. 34). The discussed terms indicate growing technological influence on contemporary transport systems as well as on modern terminology. The research by Lee demonstrates how language modifications shape terminology through technological developments which creates an analytical framework to study language adaptation in modern times. The 20th century established sustainability as a main focus during transport terminology development according to Brown (2020, p. 89). The English language now includes several keywords including green logistics and carbon-neutral transport together with renewable energy vehicles since these terms represent worldwide efforts to minimize transportation system environmental impact (Green, 2022, p. 56). The terms spotlight sustainable ecological methods and renewable source energy usage in transportation systems.

Through research by Brown scientists can discover how sustainable trends influence transport terminology in diverse languages and this shows that environmental problems affect everyone uniformly through their shared linguistic solutions. Sustainability growth has driven the creation of fresh terminology within transport and logistics operations according to Green (2022). The global transition to clean practices and renewable transportation systems resulted in the creation of terms such as Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs), reverse logistics and eco-friendly packaging (p. 56). The terms establish two key directions which require environmental transportation reduction and sustainable development promotion. The Uzbekistan community demonstrates its environmental sustainability dedication through Yashil logistika ("green logistics") and karbon izi ("carbon footprint") terminology adoption according to Azimov (2022, p. 56). Through his work, Green demonstrates how sustainability influences transport terminology development along with its impact on worldwide climate change initiatives.

White (2023) introduces new terminology regarding carbon-neutral transport to the transportation field. The English language includes key terms for carbon-neutral logistics and energy-efficient warehousing and sustainable supply chains that demonstrate increased focus on carbon emission reduction and environmental practices (p. 12). These terms demonstrate the need to make transport systems work towards global sustainable objectives. Karbon neytral transport ("carbon-neutral transport") and nol chiqindi transport ("zero-emission transport") represent new terms created in Uzbek despite its early phase of carbon-neutral terminology adoption which shows the country’s commitment to international environmental standards (Mirzaev, 2023, p. 67). The work of White demonstrates how environmental priorities transform transportation vocabulary as well as influence sustainable development at large. Patel (2021) explains how block-chain technology transformed the logistics business which created innovative industry terminology. Block-chain integration with supply chain management and cargo tracking systems produces new terms that include smart contracts yet decentralized logistics and block-chain-based tracking in the English language (p. 78). Block-chain technology demonstrates its capacity to boost logistics transparency together with security standards and operational efficiency through these specific terms. Blokcheyn asosidagi logistika represents a new term entering Uzbek that demonstrates the country’s gradual adoption of global technological developments (Ismailov, 2021, p. 89). The research conducted by Patel offers essential knowledge about block-chain’s influence on transport terminology development and its effects on logistics industry operations.

Through the pinpointing the periods of evolution transport terminology, there can be evaluated some overlaps and distinctions. The language history of transport terms in Uzbek and English demonstrates distinct congruences while retaining distinctive divergences between the two languages. The language evolution occurred under unique cultural and technological conditions and historical contexts. Transport terminology in both languages received substantial enrichments through borrowing from other languages yet their development speed and patterns remained different due to distinct attributes. The analysis explores Uzbek and English language terminology evolution including their comparative elements and differentiating terms in combination with current globalization influences on both languages. The transport terminology of Uzbek and English shares an extensive borrowing process from multiple languages as their main point of similarity.

 Both Uzbek and English languages adapt words from foreign languages to meet their grammatical needs and to represent modern cultural traditions and technology. The research presented by Garcia (2019) demonstrates in detail how different languages transform their transportation vocabulary. The research conducted by Garcia demonstrates that linguistic and cultural backgrounds result in notable differences between terminology development rates and borrowing patterns among Asian and European languages (p. 67). Uzbek transport terminology received its dominant influences because of Persian and Arabic alongside Russian in connection with Central Asian political history. English language borrowing represents terms from a broader assortment of languages that stem from French together with Latin and Indigenous groups which aligns with its wide international usage and imperial history. The research by Garcia demonstrates why comparative studies matter to examine terminology evolution together with linguistic transformations which result from globalization and technological advancements.

The adoption of foreign words in Uzbek occurred during the Karakhanid period when the language took rabat ("caravanserai") from Persian-Arabic sources similar to English language acquisition of carriage from French in the Middle English era. Through the process of borrowing languages display their capacity to welcome outside influences into their word banks. The development of new technological progress serves as a common factor that influences the evolution of transportation terminology throughout both languages. Russian and international language terms entered Uzbek due to the Soviet development including avtomobil for "automobile" and samolyot for "airplane" which came from the period of Soviet advancement in automotive and aviation sciences. English transport language expanded rapidly throughout the Industrial Revolution because the introduction of terms such as Railway extended its vocabulary. The languages continue evolving due to technology advances in order to meet contemporary demands.

Globalization has directly affected the transportation vocabulary of Uzbek as well as English. The contemporary 21st century has integrated two keywords "logistika" meaning "logistics" in Uzbek alongside "e-logistics" in English to represent global technological advancement and worldwide economic integration. The emergence of similar terminologies demonstrates how globalization affects both languages as they readjust their vocabulary by adopting international terms.

On the other hand, the development patterns for transport vocabulary show both commonalities yet distinguishable variations between Uzbek and English languages. The speed at which new terminology emerges stands as the main distinction between these two languages. The rapid evolution of English transport terminology happened because Britain functioned as a worldwide leader during the Industrial Revolution and the 20th century as English became dominant in international trade exchanges. The Soviet era brought major growth to Uzbek transport terminology because the Soviet Union implemented centralized modernization programs across the region. History together with politics defined the precise moment when terminology for transport systems emerged differently between these two languages. The difference lies in the borrowing process itself.

The processes of borrowing between Russian and English display noticeable variations in their origins of borrowed vocabulary. The transport vocabulary of Uzbek language draws its roots from three main influences: Persian language and Arabic language as well as the Russian language. The extent of borrowing in English surpasses Uzbek by drawing terminology from several languages including French Latin and Indigenous languages (Khamidova, 2020, p. 112). The different patterns of foreign word usage demonstrate how Uzbek and English trace their own individual linguistic and cultural paths. The effect of globalization has led to stronger changes in transport vocabulary within English compared to Uzbek. International transport terminology gets its predominant influence from English because this language serves as the dominant global language and has produced standard international terms including containerization and logistics. The regional nature of Uzbek as a language restricts its ability to shape international terminology because it has adopted fewer global terms compared to English. Globalization generates unequal power structures that affect the nature of language development between Uzbek and English.

Because of rigorous development and change both technologically and globally, there has been a huge impact on terminology. Globalization stands as a primary driver that led different languages to converge their transport terminology according to Kim (2022). The phenomenon has profoundly shaped the development of transport terminology between Uzbek and English languages while following different paths of evolution. The globalizing world has strengthened English as the principal language of worldwide trade and transportation which led to the global spread of English expressions such as e-logistics and autonomous vehicles among international languages. Through its dominant position the standardized transport terminology enables clear global communication among parties. The research by Kim shows that transport terminology standardization through globalization brings about consistent worldwide discussion. While globalization impacts Uzbek transport terminology at a lower level than English does because Uzbek maintains status as a regional language within global terminology.

Globalization’s unequal power structures together with their influence demonstrate a different pattern of language development between these two language groups. The globalized world has resulted in Uzbek adopting international words specifically from the field of technology. International terminology such as logistika ("logistics") alongside konteyner ("container") enters Uzbek from English and various other international sources because Uzbekistan actively participates in global markets (Nurmatov, 2022, p. 85). Globalization has affected Uzbek transport terminology differently from English because Uzbek represents a regional language that maintains limited strength in shaping universal terminology. Both languages demonstrate how globalization influences their terminology development through their reaction to worldwide trends and their evolving nature. The modernization of transportation systems throughout a globalized world requires Uzbek and English languages to adapt their transport terminology to current circumstances.

Conclusion

The text analyzes transport terminology changes in Uzbek and English since their origin with specific focus on evolutionary parallels and discrepancies together with lexical implications from Globalization. This research investigation on transport terminology origins and influences together with current trends builds knowledge about linguistic adaptation to cultural technological and historical changes in society. The results show how terminologies evolve dynamically to reflect societal realities. The research investigated three main inquiries. Transport vocabulary in Uzbek along with English has experienced extensive borrowing from various languages which demonstrated both cultural and technological developments. Uzbek terminology derives most of its vocabulary from Persian and Arabic and Russian languages whereas English terminology adopts vocabulary from French together with Latin and indigenous languages.

Two primary differences exist in the speed along with nature of terminology development in these languages. The rapid evolution of English terminology happened because of Britain’s global influence during the Industrial Revolution and twentieth century as Uzbek terminology gained its strength under Soviet-era centralization projects. Globalization caused both languages to adopt international vocabulary through Uzbek introduction of logistika and English addition of e-logistics as terms. The impact of globalization proves stronger in the case of English because it functions as a widespread international language.

This research delivers meaningful knowledge which serves practical needs for educators and translators and government officials. Studying the evolution of transport vocabulary plays a vital role today because international communication becomes more linked through technological progress while different languages influence each other globally. The research framework established by this study helps educators teach terminology development along with showing how it reflects changes in society. Research-based insights serve translators to handle complex terminology across multilingual contexts so they can achieve accurate while maintaining cultural validity in their translations. The understanding of language evolution because of globalization enables policymakers to create standardized terminology needed for international business operations and communication.

The current study yields essential information about transport terminology growth in Uzbek and English although it comes with specific barriers. The research applies its analysis to two specific languages only which limits the transferability of its findings to other languages. This study concentrates mainly on past developments while neglecting contemporary trends particularly the effect of digital technology on new term creation. The current research depends on secondary data sources yet forthcoming research should consider collecting original data through expert interviews or modern media text analysis. Several areas warrant further exploration.

Upcoming research should study how digital technologies influence term creation especially regarding recently emerging transportation terminology such as autonomous vehicle jargon and smart transport system terminology and e-logistics nomenclature (Patel, 2021, p. 78). The investigation should analyze how sustainability affects the development of transport terminology through an examination of terms such as green logistics and carbon footprint. A comparison of transport terminology across different languages would expand our knowledge of terminology evolution and its connection to internationalization by showing universal and distinct language developments. The research shows that transport terminology extends beyond word selection because it mirrors the cultural conditions, technological advances and historical developments of its creation process. Transport terminology within Uzbek and English language shows the active character of linguistic evolution. Language systems show their ability to transform through cultural and technological and historical changes. The investigation of transport terminology will maintain its importance in scientific research since globalization along with technological progress restructures the world.