Classification of adverbs in English and Uzbek linguistics: similarities and differences in theoretical approaches

Abstract

The article presents a comparative analysis of theoretical approaches to the grammatical status, classification criteria, and semantic-functional types of adverbs in English and Uzbek linguistics. It aims to identify the principles underlying adverb classification in the two linguistic traditions, reveal similarities and differences between major scholarly approaches, and propose an integrated model for comparative analysis. The Uzbek tradition is examined through academic grammars and the works of A. Hojiyev, Sh. Rahmatullayev, and T. Asadov, while the English tradition is represented by the grammatical theories of O. Jespersen, R. Quirk, D. Biber, R. Huddleston, and G.K. Pullum. Comparative-typological, descriptive, structural-semantic, and functional methods are employed. The findings show that manner, time, place, and degree form a shared semantic core. However, English grammatical theory more explicitly distinguishes the lexical category of adverb from the syntactic function of adverbial and gives greater attention to stance and discourse-linking functions. A four-level model integrating categorial, semantic, syntactic-functional, and discourse-pragmatic analysis is proposed.