Introduction

Language is a living system that is constantly changing. These changes occur for a variety of reasons. One of them is vocalism, that is, the vowel sounds of a language and their changes in pronunciation. Vocalism affects how we pronounce words in a language. This process is caused by various social factors - the migration of people, the expansion of cities, the development of technology, and the mixing of different cultures. As people move from one place to another, different dialects mix. For example, people from another area adapt to the pronunciation of the local population or, conversely, bring their own dialect to a new place. In this process, the pronunciation of some vowels may change. In large cities, people come from different regions and live in the same place. Therefore, in order for them to be mutually intelligible, differences in pronunciation are reduced and the language is somewhat smoothed out. For example, in Tashkent, the pronunciation of some words may differ from that in other regions, because different dialects are mixed here. Nowadays, people are more exposed to the same pronunciation forms through radio, television and the Internet. For example, the way famous people speak, many people switch to the same pronunciation. There is also a great influence of foreign languages ​​- the pronunciation of words that came from English and Russian is affecting the Uzbek language. Different languages ​​​​influence each other. As a result of the influence of Arabic, Persian, Russian and English on the Uzbek language, the pronunciation of some words and sounds has changed. For example, the pronunciation of some words in Russian sounds slightly differently in Uzbek. Language is always changing and developing (Aitchison, 2013; 104). These changes are caused by human migration, urban life, technology, and the influence of different languages. Vocalism, that is, the change in vowel sounds, contributes greatly to language change. Therefore, it is important to consider social factors when studying a language.

Methods

This research is a mixed-methods study. We will use both quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the relationship between vocalism and social factors. The research will consist of the following steps:

Phonetic analysis is a method of studying how vowels have changed over the historical development of a language. It involves analyzing old written sources, dialects, and historical speech samples. The goal is to determine how vowels have changed over time, which sounds have disappeared or new ones have appeared. For example, some vowels in the old Uzbek language sound differently in modern pronunciation. The word “Tog‘” may have appeared in ancient texts as “tag‘”, or in some dialects, the sound “e” has become closer to “i.” Phonetic analysis plays an important role in identifying such changes.

Sociolinguistic surveys are a method of studying people’s pronunciation and speech habits across social groups. These surveys help to determine how factors such as age, occupation, education level, and regional origin affect vocalism. In this process, speech is analyzed among different age groups - for example, how the pronunciation of the younger generation differs from that of the older generation. Pronunciation changes in urban and rural areas are compared - urban residents may be more inclined to standard pronunciation, while rural residents may retain their local dialect. Social status and education level – while the pronunciation of people with higher education is usually closer to the literary language, those with less education may retain their local pronunciation more. Such surveys are carried out through special interviews, tests, and audio recordings, and then the results are analysed.

Comparative analysis is a method of comparing how vowels are pronounced in different languages ​​or in different dialects of the same language. This analysis identifies similarities and differences. For example, Uzbek does not have short and long vowels, but Arabic or English do. Some words in the Fergana dialect may be pronounced differently than in the Tashkent dialect. People who speak several languages ​​may adapt the pronunciation rules of another language to their native language. For example, Uzbeks living under the influence of Russian may sometimes pronounce the sounds "o" and "a" differently, or people who have learned English may pronounce some vowels in a way that is similar to English. Historical analysis also compares the vowels used in ancient written sources with the current pronunciation. This method helps to understand how vocalism has changed, which sounds have disappeared over time or what new ones have appeared. Differences in pronunciation in urban and rural areas are also compared, since in urban environments a standard pronunciation is often formed, while in rural areas the local dialect retains its originality. Social status and level of education also affect pronunciation, with people with higher education often approaching literary pronunciation, while those with less education retain local pronunciation. As a result of this analysis, it is possible to understand where and how the language is changing, and what social factors influence this.

Results

The results of the study show that social factors have a significant impact on the pronunciation of vowels. One of the main results is that urbanization leads to centralization in vocalism. Due to the mixture of different dialects, residents of large cities tend to pronounce vowels more centrally. This situation occurs in order to smooth the language and increase general intelligibility. In an urban environment, people from different regions try to coordinate their pronunciation in order to better understand each other. As a result, some vowels move away from the traditional form and move closer to the center. This process occurs especially quickly among the younger generation, as they grow up hearing different pronunciation styles from childhood and try to adapt to common speech norms (Blevins, 2004; 120).

As a result of migration and dialect mixing, different regional dialects interact with each other, and over time, differences become less pronounced. This process is called dialect smoothing or generalization of pronunciation. When people from different regions live in the same place, they gradually change their pronunciation in order to better understand each other. As a result, vowel sounds or pronunciation features that were previously unique to a particular region begin to disappear, and a common pronunciation is formed. For example, many people from rural areas and provinces move to large cities, especially capitals or industrial centers. Although they speak their own local dialects, they gradually adapt to urban speech. For example, in some regions, the sound "a" may be pronounced more clearly or the sound "o" may become closer to "u", but in an urban environment these differences disappear and a standard pronunciation is formed. This process continues for many years and is passed down from generation to generation. As a result of migration, new speech norms are formed and regional differences are reduced. This is especially evident among the younger generation, who, along with the family dialect, also adopt an urban or general literary pronunciation. Thus, vocalism changes due to migration, affecting the entire language system.

Digital communication accelerates the process of phonetic standardization, as people are constantly exposed to common accents and pronunciation patterns. Through television programs, radio, social networks, and online content, people become accustomed to a standard or dominant pronunciation. For example, many young people unconsciously adopt the pronunciation of celebrities through the Internet and media. This process is especially noticeable in global languages, such as English or Russian, but it also has an impact on Uzbek. As literary or standard pronunciation is increasingly used on television and the Internet, some of the specific pronunciation patterns of local dialects are gradually disappearing. Voice correspondence and voice recognition technologies using artificial intelligence also affect pronunciation. For example, voice commands or speech-to-text technologies require precise and standard pronunciation, which encourages people to adapt to literary or normative pronunciation. As a result, differences between different regional pronunciations are decreasing, and the entire language system is becoming more standardized.

People with higher education and higher social status tend to adhere to standard pronunciation more often. Since the rules of literary language are taught during education, highly educated people try to pronounce closer to the norms of speech. For example, people who have studied at a university are closer to the literary language in pronunciation, since they follow the norms of formal and written speech more often. On the contrary, people who have received less education or grew up in an environment based on more oral communication may retain local dialect or regional pronunciation features longer (Bybee, 2015; 130).

Socio-economic status also affects this process. People with higher incomes and living in large cities are usually more exposed to literary pronunciation through the press, official speeches, and the media. People who grow up in such an environment adapt more quickly to the standard form of the language. Conversely, for those living in rural areas or areas where local dialects predominate, a pronunciation that differs from the literary pronunciation may persist. As a result, the influence of education and social status on vocalism is such that people with higher education and better economic conditions tend to adapt their pronunciation to general language norms, which leads to the standardization of the language.

Discussion

This study analyses how vocalism changes under the influence of various processes in society. Urbanization leads to the generalization of language, because in large cities, as a result of communication between people from different regions, pronunciation differences gradually disappear and a process of standardization occurs. In large cities, people have to communicate with different dialects, and this affects their pronunciation norms. For example, in the city of Tashkent, the pronunciation of some vowels may change as a result of communication between people from different regions. This process is especially rapid among the younger generation, because they grow up hearing several different pronunciation styles and adapt to common speech norms. When people from different regions live in the same place, their pronunciation changes. For example, a person who moves from a village to a city tries to speak like a city person. The vowels in some words may disappear or change. People who communicate with other languages ​​​​also imitate the pronunciation of these languages. For example, Uzbeks who speak a lot of Russian may sometimes speak with a Russian accent mixed with their Uzbek. People hear and adapt to literary pronunciation through television, radio, the Internet and social networks. Young people in particular may watch a lot of English or Russian content and use their pronunciation features in Uzbek. Voice commands and artificial intelligence systems also promote literary pronunciation. People strive for clear and understandable pronunciation to adapt to such systems.

Vowel changes lead to changes in how people speak and write. In spoken language, people sometimes pronounce words faster or more simply. This causes some vowels to be dropped or changed. For example, people in the city and in the countryside may pronounce words differently. When many people live in the same place, their speech influences each other (Labov, 2001; 102).

Written language, on the other hand, is usually based on strict rules. However, when there are changes in spoken language, there are also gradual changes in the written form. For example, some words were previously spelled differently, but over time their spelling changed to match the pronunciation. This has also been observed in historical sources. As a language develops, spelling rules are also updated. Technology and media also have a great impact on language. People hear more of the pronunciation of literary language through television, radio, the Internet, and social networks. As a result, they try to adapt to this pronunciation. Young people, in particular, adopt new pronunciation styles through the Internet and social networks and use them in their speech. This can lead to a decrease in the differences between written and spoken language, or, conversely, to the emergence of new pronunciation forms. Folklore and literature also influence language change. Poems, stories, and epics were first transmitted orally and then written down. Therefore, the pronunciation used in these works also influenced the common language. Language is always evolving, and new pronunciation and spelling rules are formed as a result of communication between people.

Bilingualism is the phenomenon of the use of two or more languages ​​by an individual or society, which also has a significant impact on phonetic changes. A person who knows two languages ​​​​can influence the phonetic characteristics of one language on the other. For example, it is observed that Russian-speaking Uzbeks pronounce some vowels in a manner adapted to the Russian pronunciation. As a result of language mixing, some vowels may change. For example, vowels that do not exist in one language may be adopted from another language or their pronunciation may change, resulting in new pronunciation forms. In conditions of bilingualism, children usually mix the pronunciation styles of the two languages. This process leads to the formation of phonetically new pronunciation variants.

Also, in bilingual societies, the dominant pronunciation of one language can influence the second language. For example, Uzbeks who speak a lot of English may also apply the English accented pronunciation style to words in Uzbek. This causes changes in vocalism. As a result, bilingualism has a strong impact on changes in vocalism. This process leads to the emergence of new pronunciation variants in the language, the disappearance or modification of certain sounds. In bilingual societies, these phonetic changes are continuous and are an important part of language development (Hyman, 2008; 354).

Changes in pronunciation can affect written language as people begin to write in a way that is closer to spoken language. This process is a natural part of language development and has been observed in many languages ​​throughout history. For example, the spelling of words can change as certain sounds are dropped or replaced with other sounds.

Written language can adapt to changes in pronunciation, which leads to a revision of spelling rules. For example, in some languages, historical writing forms have changed to bring them closer to modern pronunciation. In English, new spelling rules have emerged that reflect phonetic changes in the spelling of some words. In Uzbek, the spelling of some words has also been modernized as a result of changes in pronunciation. In addition, differences in pronunciation can be reflected in written speech voluntarily. For example, on social media or in informal correspondence, people tend to write as they pronounce. This directly affects the formation of written language. In general, changes in pronunciation can affect written language, leading to changes in spelling rules or the emergence of new writing forms. This process is closely related to social, cultural and technological factors (Ladefoged, P., Johnson, 2014; 165)).

Language has been in a constant process of change throughout history. These changes affect both pronunciation and writing systems. Phonetic changes can occur for various reasons: sounds take on new forms as a result of social, linguistic, and cultural factors. Written language, on the other hand, tries to adapt to changes in pronunciation. While ancient writing systems have been preserved in some languages ​​for a long time, in others spelling rules have been revised to match pronunciation. For example, the spelling of words in English is based on historical pronunciation and differs from today’s speech. For this reason, the spelling of English words often does not match the pronunciation. In French and German, writing is sometimes adapted to pronunciation, removing extra letters or adopting new writing forms.

Phonetic changes have also affected spelling in Uzbek. For example, the expression of some sounds changed during the transition from Arabic to Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Some words in the old Uzbek language have adapted to the current spelling. For example, the word "sheep" was gradually shortened to "sheep". Similarly, as a result of the change in pronunciation of some suffixes, their spelling also changed. Today, as a result of the development of technology and the popularity of social networks, the approach to written language is also changing. Many people use writing forms that are close to pronunciation in informal communication. This may also affect official spelling rules in the future. Historical phonetic changes and the development of spelling are closely related (Crystal, 2019; 112). Changes in pronunciation affect the written language, leading to the emergence of new forms of writing. This process is ongoing and may lead to the formation of new spelling rules in the future.

Conclusion

Vocalism plays a major role in language development and changes as a result of society. The pronunciation of vowels changes as people move from one place to another, as technology and globalization change. This study shows how vocalism is related to society and highlights the importance of social factors in understanding phonetic change. People around the world communicate with each other, which affects their pronunciation. English is an international language of communication, and elements of English pronunciation are emerging in many languages. This is causing changes in vowels. It is important to study the changes in vocalism in more depth in the future. Vocalism is closely related to the development of society and plays an important role in the development of language. Under the influence of human migration, urbanization, mass media and globalization, the sound system of a language is changing. Especially since the inhabitants of large cities are in constant contact with people from different regions, their pronunciation is becoming standardized and dialectal differences are decreasing. The media, the Internet and technologies widely disseminate literary pronunciation and serve to standardize the sound system.

The study shows that age, social status, level of education and bilingualism also significantly affect changes in vocalism. The younger generation adopts new pronunciation forms under the influence of mass culture, the speech of famous people and global languages. At the same time, bilingualism is an important factor in phonetic changes, and changes in the vowels of the native language are observed under the influence of a second language. As a result of the interaction of different languages, new elements appear in the phonetic system, while some old pronunciation forms disappear or undergo changes.

As a result of migration and urbanization, vowels in the language system are gradually standardized. This leads to the disappearance or transformation of certain regional dialects. In the process of adaptation to the environment, people bring their speech closer to the standard form, which causes the natural evolution of the language. In addition, the role of education and the media is also great, and the rules of official and literary pronunciation are more quickly adopted by the younger generation.

In the future, it will be important to study the changes in vocalism in more depth, especially the analysis of the impact of technology and social media. By studying these processes, it will be possible to better understand new stages of language development. In addition, special studies should be conducted to preserve regional dialects and document phonetic changes. By deeply analyzing the trends in the change of vocalism, it will be possible to formulate new scientific approaches in the field of linguistics and monitor the natural development of the language.

In conclusion, vocalism is constantly changing under the influence of society and technology. Migration, urban life, the media, and globalization have all had a major impact on this process. In the future, it will be important to analyse changes in vocalism in more depth and study new trends. This will help us better understand new stages in language development.