Teaching listening: from passive hearing to active comprehension

Abstract

This article examines listening as a fundamental yet often underestimated component of effective communication and language learning. Moving beyond the traditional view of listening as a passive activity, it presents listening as an active and complex cognitive process that involves interpreting, analyzing, and constructing meaning from spoken input. The paper outlines key factors that influence listening comprehension, including attention, prior knowledge, and contextual understanding. Furthermore, the article discusses the role of strategic approaches in improving listening skills, such as prediction, monitoring, and evaluation of understanding. It also highlights the value of exposure to authentic language and varied communicative contexts in strengthening listening competence. The findings suggest that developing listening skills requires a systematic and learner focused approach that encourages engagement and continuous practice, ultimately enhancing overall communicative effectiveness in real world situations. These insights provide a foundation for educators and learners seeking to improve listening outcomes in diverse educational settings.