Introduction

The use of new technologies in education is made possible by their constant development. In the 21st century, the rapid growth of digital technologies has transformed the landscape of education. The modern educational system must take into account technological achievements and strive to develop students’ skills of independent learning, while also fostering sustainable motivation and interest in studying both within and beyond educational institutions. It is never too late to learn something new, and language learning in particular benefits from lifelong engagement. Therefore, it is crucial to implement innovative and engaging methods of foreign language learning, so that future specialists can effectively adapt to diverse professional tasks in globalized contexts.

Mobile learning (m-learning) has emerged as a significant branch of educational technology, providing learners with flexibility, accessibility, and autonomy (Kukulska-Hulme & Shield, 2008). Unlike traditional classroom-based methods, m-learning emphasizes personalization and just-in-time access, allowing learners to study according to their own pace and needs. This creates the necessity to develop recommendations for improving e-learning systems. For the effective implementation of such methods, an in-depth analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of mobile learning is required, along with the identification of the most effective techniques and the selection of optimal educational applications that contribute to achieving high learning outcomes (Ivanova, 2021; 391).

The Role of Mobile Learning in Language Development

Mobile learning is defined as the use of portable digital devices such as smartphones and tablets to support education in flexible environments. Mobile phones provide easy access to educational materials and the opportunity to practice anytime and anywhere. Another advantage is the screen size, which allows for effective content management by highlighting key aspects and tasks, unlike traditional learning materials.

Mobile technologies enable students to develop the four key skills–reading, listening, speaking, and writing in English–by providing multimedia content and interactive tasks. Research has shown that language learners often use mobile apps not only for vocabulary drills but also for real communication with peers and native speakers (Burston, 2015). Moreover, the use of mobile applications increases students’ motivation and engagement, as they are easily adaptable to new technologies. In turn, teachers can motivate learners to apply these tools in the classroom, which allows for quick analysis of who has successfully completed the task and mastered the material, and who requires additional support (Petrova, 2022; 388).

Mobile learning also contributes to metacognitive awareness. Learners can track their progress, monitor errors, and plan future learning strategies. Such reflection is a key part of autonomous learning and aligns with modern theories of self-regulated learning (Zimmerman, 2002).

Vocabulary Expansion through Mobile Applications

Vocabulary development is widely recognized as one of the most challenging yet essential aspects of language learning. Vocabulary development is possible at any age–whether it is a person who has completed school or university, or a student learning a foreign language. The main obstacle may be the lack of time; however, many vocabulary-building applications do not require significant time investment.

These tools provide convenient methods for daily practice that can be easily integrated into everyday life. For example, while commuting or during breaks, users can complete exercises in an app, allowing them to learn without sacrificing other important activities. This microlearning model aligns well with current trends in education, which favor short, frequent study sessions over long, intensive lessons (Traxler, 2018).

A key criterion for choosing mobile applications is their availability across operating systems (iOS/Android). Most language learning apps are commercial projects, but trial lessons enable users to test them free of charge, which helps evaluate functionality, content, and usability within specific educational modules. Special attention should be given to application design, as it is crucial when using mobile devices with small screens. The design should be well-structured, scalable, and free of unnecessary details, while maintaining user interest. The interface must include logically organized sections that guide learners toward the necessary modules (Ivanova, 2021; 392).

Examples of Mobile Applications for Vocabulary Expansion

Word of the Day

This application helps learners navigate unfamiliar vocabulary with greater confidence. Before starting, users take a vocabulary-level test that estimates their knowledge of already mastered words. Based on the results, the app generates personalized recommendations and offers new, rarely used, and complex words daily. The selection algorithm, developed by a team of linguists, is based on language proficiency, interests, and educational needs.

The Word of the Day database includes pronunciation, definitions, and usage examples, relying on Oxford Languages resources. The editorial team provides daily word selections, ensuring access to 365 illustrated vocabulary sets per year. To enhance usability, users can set notification times and review previously learned vocabulary, which improves retention. The app supports the development of communicative competence, vocabulary expansion, and the improvement of both spoken and written skills. However, access to some features requires a premium subscription.

English Vocabulary by Picture

This app offers a wide range of vocabulary topics, such as vegetables, fruits, animals, body parts, clothing, and more. It provides both British and American English pronunciations, accompanied by illustrations that enhance word retention. Through game-like elements, English Vocabulary by Picture makes vocabulary learning engaging, thereby contributing to the development of speaking and writing skills. Regular practice with interactive tasks ensures deeper retention. The interface is adapted for multiple devices, providing convenient use.

Vocabulary Builder by Atlas

This application presents English vocabulary in context, offering pronunciation, synonyms, and exercises in a game-based format. Regardless of the user’s proficiency level, it supports vocabulary expansion and language skill development. It offers three difficulty levels: Intermediate, Upper-Intermediate, and Proficient, which can be adjusted in the profile settings.

The app includes multiple training activities:

As a commercial product, some features require a Premium subscription. Nevertheless, Vocabulary Builder by Atlas supports     systematic vocabulary learning and long-term retention, making language learning more productive.

While the above applications illustrate different approaches to vocabulary expansion, they also raise broader issues about the integration of mobile learning into formal curricula. Critics argue that over-reliance on technology may reduce face-to-face communication or distract learners with non-educational content (Stockwell & Hubbard, 2013). However, when integrated thoughtfully, mobile learning complements classroom instruction by offering extended practice outside class hours.

Pedagogically, mobile applications embody several established theories of language acquisition. From a constructivist perspective, they provide learners with opportunities to build knowledge through interaction with authentic tasks. From a behaviorist perspective, repetition and reinforcement mechanisms (such as SRS – spaced repetition systems) strengthen memory. From a sociocultural perspective, mobile apps that include communication functions (e.g., chat with peers or native speakers) promote language learning through social interaction.

Conclusion

The use of mobile applications in English language learning contributes significantly to the development of key language skills and simplifies access to educational resources. The analyzed applications (Word of the Day, English Vocabulary by Picture, and Vocabulary Builder by Atlas) demonstrate diverse methodological approaches to vocabulary enrichment – from daily word learning to interactive, game-based tasks.

The flexibility and accessibility of mobile learning allow students to effectively integrate language study into their daily lives, while teachers can implement innovative strategies in the classroom. Further research should explore the efficiency of different mobile applications and their impact on learners’ language competence. Additionally, longitudinal studies could provide insights into the long-term retention of vocabulary acquired through mobile apps.