Introduction

There are specific laws of expressing human thought through language. These laws can be specific to all or some languages. Stable compounds with an ornithonym component can express the specific national mentality of peoples, since the same group of bird names and their use represent an important part of the linguistic image of the world of representatives of this group. The linguistic and cultural characteristics of phraseological units are becoming a constant topic of research in the field of phraseology today. In an era of globalization, research based on foreign language materials is of great importance in studying the specific linguistic, national and cultural characteristics of peoples. Of course, this creates a basis for the process of intercultural dialogue to take place at a high level.

We can also see the comparison of the features of languages belonging to different language families and those that do not, namely grammatical, stylistic, phonological, semantic, etymological and linguocultural aspects, in language-related theories of several periods, although not completely. This indicates that the topic of this research is relevant for Karakalpak linguistics. Stable compounds with an ornithonym component are anthropocentric because their meaning changes depending on the geographical location of the peoples, the presence or absence of this type of bird in the geographical latitude where the peoples live, and the culture and lifestyle of the people, because they reflect the general characteristics and aspects of human nature (Humbold, 2007). In addition, stable compounds are also ethnocentric because they contain aspects related to the ethnos, which has the knowledge specific to the culture of a particular linguistic culture.

Literature review

In world linguistics, scientific research aimed at scientifically substantiating the linguistic and cultural characteristics of ornithonyms, which are components of lexical units and zoonyms, has been carried out by N.Kindrya, K.Gafarova, F.Guketiova, M.Gorbenko, Ch.Inkuy, E.Aydogmush, O.Bicher, Z. Abdualiyeva, N.Kurashkina, T.Pimenova, M.Kutyeva and others. In Karakalpak linguistics, a number of studies have been carried out on the study of terminology, animal names (zoonyms), and ornithonyms. Among these, the candidate works of M.Khojanov, E.Iskenderova, Z.Sagatova, etc. are noteworthy.

In the monograph of M. Khojanov, based on a number of written monuments and materials of modern Turkic languages, a comparative and comparative historical analysis of many bird names such as gowk, partridge, grouse, titmouse, bustard, crow, turkey, is carried out, and the etymology and usage features of a number of pan-Turkic ornithonyms such as hawk, falcon, eagle, raven, mallemuck, petrel are revealed. In Karakalpak linguistics, the study of the linguocultural characteristics of ornithonyms has not been studied in a holistic monographic direction. This is one of the important issues facing today’s Karakalpak lexicology.

Research methodology

The article uses methods such as generality, specificity, analysis and description, comparison, classification, oppositional component, diachrony.

The collected materials on the linguistic and cultural features of the use of stable compounds with ornithonym components in proverbs and sayings, the conclusions and generalized ideas presented as a result of studying the problems posed, are a necessary, scientific source in modern Karakalpak linguistics, in particular, translation studies and lexicology, serve as a source in compiling dictionaries with ornithonym components in the Karakalpak language; provide practical assistance in teaching such disciplines as terminology, stylistics, lexicology, translation studies, and country studies, and are useful in creating research and methodological works related to these disciplines. The scientific significance of the article is that the conclusions presented in it enrich the lexicology of the Karakalpak language with new views on the linguistic and cultural features of proverbs and sayings with ornithonym stable compounds. The research methods used in the article can be used to study other stable compounds.

Analysis and results

Since ancient times, mankind has tried to study and describe the phenomena and processes occurring around it. The image of animals and birds occupies a special place in human life. The positive and negative aspects of animals and birds have been constantly observed and studied, and comparisons have been made with human behavior, which can be seen in the lexical-semantic units of different languages (Gukhman, 1961). In this regard, concepts related to animals, birds, insects and other nominations have entered science. One of these is the term ornithonym.

Ornithonym (from the Greek ornis (ornitos) "bird", onima "name") is a nominative unit represented by a separate word or phrase, which serves to distinguish, individualize and identify the named bird among other birds (Bragina, 1986). The lexical group of ornithonyms was formed sequentially in different periods, using words specific to the native language as educational material, as well as borrowings from other languages. This group of words exists in different languages, and many of them are part of the active vocabulary, which is explained by the important role of birds in human life. Ornithonyms have a wide scope of human activity, they are used in the literary language, in local and social dialects and dialects, in the vernacular, etc. The phenomena occurring with this type of language are characterized by various stylistic aspects, which provide it with opportunities for meaning, brightness, and expressiveness, allowing the use of stable compound ornithonyms in various functional styles, such as artistic, communicative, scientific, journalistic, and business (Norrick, 1985). The vast majority of stable compounds are created by the people and are related to the interests and everyday concerns of ordinary people. Phraseologisms are characterized by humor, worldly wisdom, and common sense. "Stable compounds with an ornithonym component serve to understand the national character, culture and history of the people, their everyday way of life, to compare and contrast them with their equivalents in other languages, to understand and better study the national language. Like animal names, bird names are also constantly studied in linguistics." One of the urgent tasks facing modern linguistics is the study of cultural aspects in the language. Phraseological units are a special layer of the vocabulary of any language. As Y.M. Chernikova and N.V. Shatrovich noted, "Language is a treasury, a storehouse, a small bank of culture. It stores in itself the masterpieces of culture - lexicon, grammar, idioms, proverbs, sayings, folklore, artistic and scientific literature, oral speech.

At the present stage of language development, the study of the meaning and functioning of the dictionary at a given time forces the researcher to think about the following question: “How and with what is the origin and history of the existence of a word connected with its modern meaning? Is the latter dependent on the former?” Thus, Y.V. Otkushnikov writes: “The words we use in our everyday life constitute a very interesting and unique world with its own characteristics and patterns, secrets and riddles that have not yet been revealed, its own history.” Turning to the etymology of the word makes it possible to unravel these secrets and riddles, as well as to solve a number of problems related to the functioning of the word in the speech of modern native speakers. As A.A. Zalevskaya noted, "since ancient times, people have thought about what sources the names of things came from, how people can more or less correctly determine what others call them, and ultimately, through this, mutual understanding between people arises." Ornithonyms are also of great interest to Karakalpak researchers, because they reflect not only the cultural, social and territorial identity of a particular people, but also their nationality, mentality, and, therefore, their own values. As part of zoolexics, ornithonyms are an important component of the national linguistic landscape of the world (Brackenbery, 1949). The anthropocentric tendencies of modern linguistics show that comparisons express the interaction of man with the outside world. Phraseological units are aimed at describing and comparing objects, phenomena, actions, situations as indicators of cultural signs.

Phraseological units can include the names of birds (ornithonyms). An analysis of stable units with an ornithonym component in English and Karakalpak languages shows that the names of domestic, that is, domestic birds, have a predominance in both languages. This is due to their close connection with people. Thus, chicken is used in both languages mainly for negative evaluation, and the same stereotypical ideas about false information can be observed in the example of the ornithonym duck. Positive images in the two languages under study: eagle - a respected bird, good, brave, valiant, strong, agile; falcon - a symbol of masculinity - strength. Often, these noble birds are contrasted with a crow: An old eagle is stronger than a young crow (translated as "Ǵarrı búrkit jas ǵarǵadan kúshlirek") - A falcon catches what flies, but a crow cannot catch what sits. However, there is no equivalent of this proverb in the Karakalpak language.

The lexical-semantic grouping of ornithonyms is formed over time, using words from the native language, as well as words from other languages. We can see that such a group of words is expressed in almost both languages we are analyzing, and they belong to the active vocabulary, which is explained by the special place that ornithonyms occupy in people’s lives. Although ornithonyms are not as widespread as zoonyms in terms of their use, they also have a wide range of uses in the language. They are used in the literary language, in local and social dialects, and in everyday speech. "This type of linguistic phenomenon is expressed by various stylistic features that give meaning and content, expression, and expressiveness to communication between people”. In turn, it implies the use of ornithonyms in all functional styles: scientific, journalistic, official work, artistic and colloquial (Aiupova, 2009).

Like the various meanings of words, the meaning of bird names is "an element of the structure of the sign state, providing an associative connection between the expressive plan of a lexical unit and its denotation and concept". In this article, the denotation refers to both an individual bird and their phylogenetic community, and the concept acts as an expression of the denotation within the framework of a language or social community. The use and application of bird names has a complex structure: it is usually expressed through a set of lexical-grammatical, grammatical, categorical-lexical, existential and approximate semantics, which are connected by clarification relations.

The connotative component, as additional information to the concept, as part of the meaning determined by the attitude of the participants of the communicative act to the subject of speech, is very widely expressed in the system of ornithonyms, especially in forms that serve to express the emotional and evaluative properties of nouns. The phenomenon of connotation was explained by Telia V.N. as "Connotation is a semantic entity conditionally or periodically included in the semantics of language units and expressing the emotional-evaluative and stylistically determined attitude of the subject of speech to reality." We can say that all ornithonyms have an emotional-evaluative meaning, and this, of course, in most cases arose as a result of semantic derivation.

Conclusion

The complete or partial variation of stable combinations with ornithonym components is sometimes found even in languages ​​belonging to the same family. This complicates the interpretation, comparison and translation of bird names. The incompatibility of peoples’ languages can affect all three components of the word: denotation, "the scope and nature of the concept, in particular, its degree of abstraction) and its expression, which can be not only linguistic, but also word-related (Teliya, 1998). Extralinguistic factors, for example, differences in the composition of bird species in the territories of the countries of the studied languages, quantitative differences in the names of the same bird, the degree of its significance for speakers of these languages, etc."

As for the study of various dictionaries containing bird names, some linguistic researchers argue that one of the most convenient and effective methods for studying the semantic composition of ornithonyms is conceptual analysis. As noted by linguist V.G. Gak, component analysis is important in comparative research and, when used as the most effective method of linguistics, research goes deep into linguistic forms, as a result of which scientists can identify the specific features of a language, both in words and in its entire semantics (Gak, 1977).

The definition of ornithonyms given in the dictionary plays the role of a fixative form for the seme of the word. According to A.M. Kuznesov, different dictionaries mainly give a sufficiently clear idea of the dictionary meanings of words and their semantic composition".

Individual explanatory dictionaries of the languages mentioned in our article have a qualitatively and quantitatively different composition of ornithonyms. One of the obvious reasons for such a lack of correspondence is the phenomenon of the endemicity of one or another species of birds, that is, it is correct to explain this phenomenon as; "the existence of a certain species of birds only in certain regions of our planet and their absence in some regions due to factors specific to the biological or geographical area. The reason why we do not see such a phenomenon in the case of Great Britain and European countries is that some differences in the ornithological vocabulary in the existing dictionaries of these countries are insignificant, since these countries are located on the same continent and almost all birdlife is included in the general group of birds of the European continent. In the case of Karakalpakstan, the share of such differences is much higher, and its location on another continent is considered to be significantly higher.