Introduction. Aphorisms often consist of a set of simple sentences and are considered units that serve to convey a complete idea. In addition, aphorisms can perform various expressive-emotional tasks. The role of stylistic devices is great importance in conveying to the reader in this way. Aphorisms expressed through stylistic means are not only attractive in speech, but their effect also creates the possibility of quick and easy expression.

“Professor I.R. Galperin calls it a “generative model” (common pattern) when a fact of language is turned into a stylistic device as a result of the frequent use of stylistic devices. A stylistic device combines some general semantic meaning with a specific linguistic form, resulting in a stylistic effect. It looks like an expressive algorithm. For example, the interaction or conflict of the vocabulary and context meanings of words gives rise to stylistic devices such as metaphor, metonymy or irony. [1]

When an idea is expressed, in many cases it can be reflected in signs of similarity, interrelation and contradictory meanings. In addition to these stylistic tools, syntactic-stylistic figures consist of special syntactic devices that help to increase the emotionality of speech, which include parallelism, repetition and its types, antithesis, chiasm, asyndeton, polysendeton, anaphora, epiphora, inversion, ellipsis, counting methods, gradation, etc. [2]

Aphorisms expressed by stylistic devices are important in transmitting cultural and spiritual information of this country, regardless of the language. Stylistic tools create an opportunity for the student to think deeply, to be affected by the expressed thought, to understand emotions such as joy, sadness, pleasure, and excitement in the process of reading and analyzing aphorisms. Since these stylistic means of expression are among the most common means of speech, we will pay attention to how they appear in aphorisms and analyze them.

  Literature review. Asyndeton performs several functions in writing: to speed up the speaker’s or writer’s rhythm, to change the tone of what is being said, and to add emphasis. As the most famous example of asyndeton, the example of “I came, I saw, I conquered” was said by Julius Caesar after a quick battle in which his army won.[3]. Asyndeton is considered a stylistic device that implies what the writer aims to express in the process of communication. How to understand, emphasize it, and it leads to think more the readers about them. According to Corbett, “Asyndeton is a sentence connected without a connector”. [4] In addition, asyndeton includes not only sentences connected without a conjunction, but also words as a suffix. For example, this aphorism, given by the English playwright John Heywood, is a vivid example of word asyndeton and emphasizes that life means the concepts of fate, endurance and hope.

Marriage is fate, tolerance, hope.

Polysyndeton is a structural-semantic and communicative-pragmatic unit that includes at least three coherent components connected by a conjunction, and it is a stylistic tool that expresses the specific meaning and purpose of the speaker, which the writer seeks from communication.[5] We can find many aphorisms through the means of polysyndeton expression, mainly such aphorisms are composed of complex sentences and are used in practice in the task of separating their meanings from each other, comparing and connecting sentences. The phenomenon of polysyndeton can also be seen in this quoted aphorism.

Yer yuzidagi insonlarni urush-mataloshmalarga qovushdirg‘on, siynalarini dushman o‘qig‘a nishon qildurg‘on narsa din va millatlarning, vatan va davlatlarining muhabbatidur.

A.Avloniy

It is worth mentioning that the phenomenon of asyndeton and polysyndeton in aphorisms can be learned mainly from the mental state of the aphorists or their style (methods) of creating aphorisms and how they use them to descrie different situations.

Materials and Methods.

Aphorisms have existed in ancient times and are still present, and the rapid development of the time has a special significance in words and their clearly manifested in the thoughts of scholars presented in two languages. The thoughts of our ancient scholars Zamakhshari and modern writers U.Khashimov served to desctribe the deep and sharp explanations in wisdom. Mahmud az-Zamakhshari, in his treatise work called “Nozik iboralar” , also explains the role of aphorisms in human life, explaining as following: “Axmoq kishi xikmat lazzatini bilmaydi, bamisoli tumov kishi gulning hidini bilmagani kabi”. 

Results and Discussions. Antithesis is another stylistic device often found in aphorisms. In some sources, we can find this term in the form of “tazad”. Before how antithesis is used in aphorisms, it is a good way to  explain what antithesis means. Various world scientists have researched and expressed their opinions about antithesis. The word “antithesis” comes from the Greek word antithesis - to contrast means. [6] Antithesis means the use of opposite words and concepts, in this regard, Farabi’s opinion is particularly noteworthy. He writes: “The nature of each of the opposites is such that, regardless of where one of them is, the absence of one requires the presence of the other.” [7]

1. RGalperin, a specialist in English stylistics, showed the specific features of antithesis as follows: “Antithesis is a phenomenon of connection between stylistics and logic.” He said that antithesis fulfills the tasks of forming a rhythm, comparing, separating, and contrasting ideas. It becomes easier and easier to understand aphorisms expressed through contrasts, because words and processes of two different natures are expressed by comparison. When the proof of something is compared with its opposite, the tone of the sentences is more beautiful and understandable. Laughter is more serious than tears. (Tony Morrison) In this opinion given by the author, the verse contrasts the words “laughter” and “tears”. The Russian linguist I. Galperin was also able to show a bright example of antithesis through the following points.

Youth is lovely, age is lonely,

Youth is fiery, age is frosty

This aphorism, spoken by another Uzbek scientist Zamakhshari, is also a bright example of antithesis.

Harakat zaif bo‘lgan joyda, kuchli bilim foydasizdir. Harakatsiz bilim – ipsiz kamon o‘qidir.

Noningni yo‘qotsang yo‘qot, nomingni yo‘qotma.

1. Hoshimov

It is natural that the verses described above attract the reader’s attention, because both aphorisms are of special importance with their meaning. This aphorism expressed by the famous writer Zamakhshari is aimed at highlighting the connection between mobility and knowledge. Knowledge grows and develops throughout our life. When thinking ceases to think, human knowledge also ceases to exist. If a person is active and strives for knowledge, his science can be the foundation for his bright future.

In the above aphorism quoted by the writer U.Khashimov, although the exact opposite meaning of the words is not given, unrelated words are compared. Another value characteristic of our Uzbek mentality is represented by the  beauty of the dasturkhan  “bread” and the value of a person, as well as his “name”. The main task of this stylistic tool is to show contrasting ideas through contrast. Creating aphorisms in this way is now widely used by aphorists. Based on our research, it can be said that almost most of the aphorisms used by antithesis express thoughts through a positive concept or a sequence of thoughts in the first lines, and in the second part, they are expressed through words and word components that contradict this concept.

We can see that the term chiasm is also used in modern linguistics, world scientists have different opinions about the occurrence of these syntactic-stylistic tools in the text and other paremiological units and what meaning they have in the sentence. According to I.R. Galperin, chiasm is one of the syntactic-stylistic tools, in which the word order of the first sentence of a large syntactic unit is given in the opposite position to the word order of the second part. The Uzbek scientist L.T. Bobokhonova’s opinion is also similar in this view.

In aphorisms, in the process of expressing an idea, there is also a situation where something or an action is transferred to another name, which is related to the term metaphor in linguistics. Reflection in different stylistic colors is clearly visible in the metaphor. The word metaphor is defined as follows in the “Dictionary of Linguistic Terms” by the scientist Sh.Safarov the similarity between the compared objects is the basis for metaphorical migration. [8]

In addition to the scientist’s thoughts, it is permissible to say that in addition to the relational nature of the compared objects, we can also witness that the expressed opinion sometimes comes out of the norms of the language. Let’s turn to the following examples and analyze them:

As eating too much spoils the stomach, so too much comfort life disrupt the character of a person,  in such case both the body and the soul of a person can be successfully treated by unpleasant medicine.

 In this aphorism, which reflects the metaphorical displacement, the stomach and its character are used as an example of the human organ of the body.

If I have seen far from everyone, it is because I stand on the shoulders of the greats. I Newton

Conclusion. Stylistic devices are important in aphorisms, they are used as a tool to clarify the meaning of sentences in various linguistic situations, and the problems of social life. It also illuminates the spiritual and expressive content of aphorisms. In addition, stylistic tools are also important in combining the culture of a text or sentence with the language of that country with the language of other countries.