KIRISH

Tilshunoslik rivojlanib borar ekan undagi bo‘limlarni tasniflab o‘rganish zarurati paydo bo‘ladi. His-hayajon gaplar ham turli olimlar tomonidan bir necha guruhlarga ajratilgan bo‘lib, quyidagi maqolada ingliz tilida WH his-hayajon gaplar va ularning turlari, olimlarning bu bo‘yicha fikrlari keltirib o‘tilgan.

ADABIYOTLAR TAHLILI VA METODOLOGIYASI

Wh his-hayajon gaplarni Elliot mustaqil yoki mutloq his-hayajon gaplar (independent or absolut exclamations) deb ataydi. (Elliot. The grammar of emotive and exclamatory sentences in English.   –M: 1974 p 9).

Quyida ingliz tilida how va what so’zlarining ishlatilish o’rinlarini tahlil qildik:

How – his-hayajon gaplar (how – exclamatives)

How his-hayajon gaplar ikki o’rinda ya’ni ma’no kuchaytirishda va qo’shimcha ma’no ifodalashda ishlatiladi. Lekin ikki o’rinda ham daraja ifodalanadi. (P. Collins. Exclamative clauses in English. –M: 2005)

1. Ma’no kuchaytirishda:
2. And how right he was!
3. But how little love we give him.
4. Oh my poor suffering sweet, if you could only relax and love and let yourself be loved, how easily things would work themselves out!
5. How very true that was, how very true.

Dastlabki uchta gapda how sifat, ko’rsatkich va ravish bilan kelib ma’noni kuchaytirishga xizmat qilmoqda. Bu o’rinlarda so’roq gapni ifodalovchi how ham ham ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin ma’no so’roq shaklda bo’ladi: How right was he?;

How little love do we give him?; How easily would things would work themselves out?).

To’rtinchi gapni so’roq ma’noda ishlatib bo’lmaydi, ya’ni grammatik jihatdan noto’g’ri gap hosil bo’ladi:

How very true was that?

His-hayajon gaplardagi how ning semantik roli so’roq gaplardagidan farq qiladi, chunki how his-hayajon gaplarda yuqorida ta’kidlaganimizdek daraja ifodalaydi.

2. How his-hayajon gaplarda qo’shimcha ma’no ifodalaydi.

Boy, how they practised.

Bunda how darajadan ko’ra ko’proq holatni ifodalaydi va ular qanday qilib bu bunday mashq qilishganiga urg’u berilmoqda. 

  Peter Collinsga ko’ra how frazalarning uchta sintaktik sinfi mavjud: sifat frazalar – yuqoridagi a va d misollarda; ravish frazalar c misolda va ot frazalar b misolda.

  His-hayajon how frazalar bir necha sintaktik funksiyalar bajaradi. Bunday frazalarning eng asosiy vazifasi gapda ot kesim tarkibida keladi.

And how right he was! 

How very true that was, how very true.

To’ldiruvchi tarkibida:

But how little love we give him.

Qo’shimcha ma’no berishda:

  Boy, how they practiced.

Va kamdan kam hollarda ega tarkibida:

How much had built up from that first ideal!

What-his-hayajon gaplar

  What his-hayajon gap yasovchi sifatida sifat+ot hollarda ishlatiladi. Odatda ot sanaladigan birlik shaklda bo’ladi va a artikli qo’yilib, so’roqni ifodalovchi what so’roq so’zidan ajralib turadi:

What a place that is!

What place is that? “What a place is that?” shakl grammatik jihatdan noto’g’ri hisoblanadi.

Lekin ot sanaladigan ko’plik yoki sanalmaydigan ham bo’lishi mumkin:

Oh, grand-dad, what big words you use!

What determination it had aroused!

Bunda what va ot konstruksiyasi so’roq shakldagi bilan bir xil bo’lsada ma’no va umumiy gap tuzilishi jihatidan farqlanadi.

What big words do you use?

What determination had it aroused?

His-hayajon gapdagi what-frazalari gapda turli xil sintaktik funksiyalar bajaradi: How kabi what ham gapda asosan ega kesim tarkibida keladi:

What a place that is!

To’ldiruvchi tarkibida:

Oh, grand-dad,what big words you use!

What determination it had aroused!

Kam hollarda ega tarkibida:

What a lie, what a sickly debilitating debauch did not Emest's school and university career now seem to him, in comparison with his life in prison and as a tailor in Blackfriars.

 What a strange land was this Hindustan!

NATIJA VA MUHOKAMA

Wh his-hayajon gaplarni etimologiyasini tahlil qildik. Bunda yapon lingvistlari Imai va Nakajimaning ishlarini o’rganib chiqdik. (I. Kunihiko and N.Heizo. Gendai no Eibunpo. –M: Tokyo 1978) What va How his hayajon gaplarni kelib chiqishini quyidagicha izohlaydi:

1. How beautiful a bird he has!
2. What a beautiful bird he has!
3. COMP he has so much beautiful a bird

                            Much o‘chiriladi

1. COMP he has so φ beautiful a bird

                             Wh qo‘shiladi

1. COMP he has wh # so beautiful a bird

                          Exclamatory movement

1. How beautiful a bird he has

1. How beautiful a bird he has! (yakuniy ko‘rinish)

1. COMP he has so much beautiful a bird.

                           Much o‘chiriladi                                                                                            

1. COMP he has so φ beautiful a bird.

                                Sifatning o‘rni o‘zgaradi.

1. COMP he has so a beautiful bird.

                         So such ga o‘zgaradi.

1. COMP he has such a beautiful bird.

                         Wh qo‘shiladi.

1. COMP he has wh # such a beautiful bird.

                          His hayajon gapga aylantirish.

1. What a beautiful bird he has.

• What a beautiful bird he has! (yakuniy ko‘rinish)

Masalan:

He chose to go to such countries!

What countries he chose to go to!

He bought that coat for such a reason!

What a reason he bought that coat for!

You meet such people on the street!

What people you meet on the street!

Our campus is located in such a place!                                 

What a place our campus is located in!

They chose to get married at such a time!

What a time they chose to get married at!

XULOSA

Tadqiqot ishlarini olib borish davomida aniqlandiki, ingliz va o‘zbek tillari o‘rtasida sintaktik va grammatik o‘xshashlik va farqli jihatlar talaygina va ular hali to‘liq tahlil qilinmagan bo‘lib, xis-hayajon gaplar ham bundan mustasno emas, albatta. Demak, xis-hayajon gaplarni har ikkala tilda ham kelajakda yanada chuqurroq muhokama etish va bu sohadagi ilmiy izlanishlarni davom ettirish zarur deb o‘ylaymiz.