Introduction

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a new direction in linguistics emerged – cognitive linguistics. Cognitive linguistics studies language in relation to human thought, how human cognitive processes affect language and how language reflects a person's worldview. This approach opened up new perspectives on linguistics and provided an opportunity to apply new techniques to language acquisition.

Cognitive linguistics is formed in modern linguistics as a new paradigm that uses language as a fundamental tool in the study of human thought and worldview. This line extended the boundaries of traditional linguistics to analyze the interrelationships between language and thought. Cognitive linguistics interprets language not only as a communicative tool, but as a tool that represents human knowledge and the process of understanding the world. In this direction, the semantic, pragmatic and psychological aspects of language are studied in depth. The progress of cognitive linguistics necessitated the study of language in the cognitive aspect. This approach makes it possible to identify the universal and cultural aspects of human thought, to reveal the interconnection between language and worldview.

Cognitive linguistics is the direction of modern linguistics that studies the connection between language, mind, and thought processes. The field developed in the 1980s, attracting widespread public attention, especially starting with Lakoff and Johnson's book "Metaphors We live by". Cognitive linguistics considers language not only as a means of communication, but also as an expression of the activity and worldview of the human mind (Lakoff, 2004).

Materials and methods

The problem of perception of the surrounding world has long attracted people's attention. The reconstruction of the world model was carried out not only within the framework of mythology, religion, and natural sciences, but also in the processes of understanding the relationship between language and reality, the interaction of words and things at different stages of the development of language science. The results of the research conducted over a long period of time served as the basis for the creation of modern sciences of a new, multi-paradigm orientation.

One of the central concepts of cognitive linguistics is the cognitive model. With this model, it is understood how humans perceive the world, how they imagine it and how they express it with the help of language. On the basis of the Model, there is an inextricable connection between language and thinking, and language reflects the worldview, way of thinking and memory processes of people. In addition, context and contextual meaning are important. Cognitive linguistics develops context-based concepts, that is, the meaning of words and phrases depends on the place and situation of its use, which can only be fully understood in context.

As a result, language began to be considered as an object of study not only within the framework of linguistics, but also in the interrelationship and correlation of the humanities. Also, as one of the scientific areas covering several sciences, we can name the science of cognitive linguistics, which is receiving relevant study in modern linguistics.

Cognitive linguistics has expanded the boundaries of traditional research in the field of linguistics, involving various linguistic and non-linguistic forms of thinking in the study of linguistic processes through reading (Кубряковa, 1996). This opened the way for research in a new direction. In its subject, cognitive linguistics is a new interdisciplinary field that aims to study mental processes in consciousness during the use and assimilation of language, the formation of knowledge (mental processes are a set of mental processes included in the specific construction of a picture of the world (paintings, images). Mental processes explain the isolated worldview of a person, a certain community, a certain tribe, a certain nation about reality, process, things). The basic principles of cognitive linguistics include:

• Language is part of thinking: cognitive linguists consider language to be part of human cognitive activity. Language is seen as a means of human understanding and perception of the world.
• Meaning is a construction: meaning does not exist objectively, but is created in human thought. The meaning expressed through language is related to the experience, knowledge and culture of a person.
• Conceptual system-the basis of meaning: the meaning of Language units is determined by the knowledge reflected in the conceptual system of a person.

Cognitive linguistics also serves as an effective tool for comparing different languages and cultures. Also, cognitive linguistics provides ample opportunities for modern interdisciplinary research. It integrates with fields such as psychology, anthropology, cultural studies, artificial intelligence to serve a deeper understanding of the social and cognitive functions of language (Fillmore, 2006). Speaking about the prospects of this area, cognitive linguistics is widely used not only in solving theoretical problems, but also in practical areas (for example, in education, translational studies, language learning, and the development of artificial intelligence). A conceptual system is a complex of human knowledge, ideas and concepts about the world.

• Metaphor and metonymy – basic cognitive mechanisms: metaphor and metonymy are used in human thought to create new meanings and apply existing knowledge to new situations. Metaphors and metonymies expressed through language reflect a person's worldview. The main theories of cognitive linguistics include:
• Conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 2004): this theory argues that metaphor plays an important role not only in literature, but also in everyday speech. Metaphors create new meanings by moving the knowledge contained in the human conceptual system to other areas.
• Framing theory (Fillmore, 2006): this theory emphasizes the need for a specific context or framework to understand meaning. A frame is a set of knowledge associated with a particular situation, event or object.
• Conceptual integration theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 2000): this theory explains that meaning is formed by the interaction of several conceptual spaces. Conceptual spaces are a set of knowledge related to a particular context or situation.

Result and analysis

Cognitive linguistics as a new and promising area of modern linguistics studies language in relation to human thought. This direction opens up new opportunities in the study of the language and contributes to its integration with other areas of linguistics. The development of cognitive linguistics helps to enrich our knowledge of language and a deeper understanding of human cognitive activity. The appeal to cognitive structures allows us to take a fresh look at another classic problem of semantics – polysemy.

Traditionally, it is believed that if a word has several meanings, then their differentiation is mandatory for each of the uses. Meanwhile, every lexicographer-practitioner constantly encounters contexts for which it is impossible to determine which of the meanings of a polysemous word is realized. The cognitive approach makes it possible not to distinguish between polysemy in cases where it is not necessary.

Such examples can be described as contexts of neutralizing meanings. Traditional lexicography, focused on component analysis, always requires attributing each context to one of the highlighted meanings, which in cases of neutralization is violence against language. In addition, from a theoretical point of view, the idea of neutralizing meanings can be supported by the traditions of phonology and morphology (cf. neutralization of phonological and morphological oppositions). The following methods are used in the study of cognitive linguistics:

• Corpus Linguistics: the study of the features of the use of language units through the analysis of large volumes of texts (corpora).
• Experimental linguistics: studying how a person perceives and processes language by conducting psychological experiments.
• Introspection: studying the opinions of linguists about their language knowledge.
• Comparative analysis: to determine their similar and different characteristics by comparing different languages.

A special place in the center of linguistic research was occupied by the processes of obtaining, storing, and processing information. The study began on how, receiving information, a person creates new meanings by linking it with information in his mind. Cognitive linguistics is directly related to these issues (Zakirova, 2023). Cognitive linguistics is the science of knowledge and cognition, about how to process information that is somehow transmitted to our subconscious.

Cognitive linguistics is a promising direction in modern linguistics. This direction opens up new opportunities in the study of the language and contributes to its integration with other areas of linguistics. The research results of cognitive linguistics can be applied in the following areas:

• Language teaching: the use of cognitive approaches in teaching foreign languages increases the effectiveness of students in learning a language.
• Translation: accounting of cognitive mechanisms in the translation process improves the quality of translation.
• Artificial intelligence: cognitive linguistics research is important in the creation of artificial intelligence systems.
• Psycholinguistics: provides new information in the study of the relationship of language with psychological processes.
• Literary Studies: offers novel approaches to the analysis of literary works.
• Political science: reveals mechanisms for managing public consciousness through the analysis of political speeches.

In Lakoff and Johnson's "Metaphors we live by", metaphor has been defined as an integral part of human thought. They noted that metaphors are widely used not only in art or literature, but also in everyday life.

For example, the metaphor of "time – money" affects the way humans understand time as a resource and control it. Through this metaphor, one can understand how humans and societies value time, how they react to it.

Cognitive linguistics emphasizes the inextricable connection between language and consciousness. Language reflects the worldview of a person, the way of thinking and the characteristics of a particular culture. Language also plays an active role in how humans perceive the world and express it. From this point of view, language is not just a means of communication, but an integral part of the process of consciousness and thinking.

Currently, cognitive linguistics is developing in collaboration with the fields of artificial intelligence and neuroscience. For example, with the help of artificial neural networks, the possibilities of language comprehension and modeling production processes are expanding. This, in turn, serves to develop technologies for learning and translating the language.

Conclusion

In conclusion, cognitive linguistics, as a new direction in modern linguistics, has been studied in a major plan by scientists from the world and Uzbekistan, and studies that are still waiting for a solution in this area should also be carried out. The progress of this field also contributes to the perspective of the now evolving field of artificial intelligence. Also, this direction promotes the idea of using language as a tool for understanding the mind and thinking of a person and takes linguistics to a new level. Therefore, cognitive linguistics can be evaluated as one of the most important and promising areas of modern linguistics.

In conclusion, it is necessary to summarize all of the above and draw a general conclusion. Within the framework of the cognitive-semantic approach, linguistic data acts as a material for analyzing and modeling mental processes: on their basis, the mechanisms of speech production and perception, the interaction of speaker and listener, the organization of memory and its role in the communication process are investigated.